Top 10+ Space Research Organisations in the World

Space Research (or sometimes called space exploration) is the scientific studies on earth’s outer space which involves advance material science, earth science, physics, mathematics, medicines and biology.

There are numerous space organisations working on our planet to explore and find out the mysterious matters present in our space. Each organisation has certain rules and policies regarding their capacity to develop and money spend per year on each space research project.

Most of them uses the far advanced tools and technology that has been not used for public yet. In order to find out more lets take a look at the list of top 10 Space Research Organisations in the world. 

Recent Update: ISRO launches its longest flight of 4-stage PSLV on 12th January, 2018. This is ISRO’s 100th satellite launch. The rocket carries “Cartosat-2” series satellite that aims to provide high resolution scene of specific spot. It also carries 4 micro-satellites and 26 nano-satellites from India and six other countries. The total weight of 32 satellites is approximately 1,323 kilograms.

11. International Space Science Institute (Switzerland)

The International Space Science Institute (ISSI) is a nonprofit organisation established in 1995. It’s an advanced studies institute that primarily focused on planetary science, cosmology, solar system, earth science, astrophysics and Astrobiology. Visit to space, research and scientific activities allows them to develop advanced technologies too. The whole institute is under a foundation of Swiss law and supported by European Space Agency (ESA).

10. International Space University (France)

Image credit: wikimedia

The International Space University (ISU for short) is a non profit Interdisciplinary University established in 1987. They offer the best training in aerospace issues with groundbreaking facilities. Their experienced faculty members are one of space agency leaders, astronauts, space engineers, scientist and managers.  The university also has space research capabilities in various fields of space engineering.

Few notable projects: 

• Space for a Health Information Network on Earth
• Teleservice regarding Aircraft collision prevention
• Space based Progressive Interoperable Networks
• Space Assisted Network against Desertification
• Exploration of Mars from Martian Orbit
• Autonomous Lunar Transport Vehicle
• Mars Analog Path

9. Space Science and Engineering Center

Image credit: SSEC

Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC for short) is a research center that mainly focuses on geophysics research and atmospheric concentration and variability. It’s an integral part of the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s Graduate School.  Apart from this, the institute has also contributed in Interactive computing, image processing,  data access, Spaceflight hardware and fabrication areas.

Major programs:

• Atmospheric studies of Earth as well as other planets
• Space machine hardware development and fabrication
• Data access +Interactive computing +  Image processing

8. Space Studies Institute (California)

It’s a non-profit organisation founded in 1977 by Gerard O’Neill from Princeton University. Their mission is to open the energy and material resources of space for human benefit within a lifetime.

Space Studies Institute has some important research priorities such as a reusable propulsion system, low cost space access, usage of non terrestrial materials, etc. The institute has made a major contribution in Transport related mechanisms which is useful to understand the orbital movement of the plant and to counterbalance effect of polarization.

Notable projects:

• Lunar Sodium Search
• Mass Driver Simulations
• Lunar Mining Simulation
• Processing Space Resources
• Human Rotation Tolerance
• Earth-Sun Trojan Asteroids

7. SpaceX

SpaceX is the first successful private space company, founded by Elon Musk in 2002. The company has recently gained a lot of popularity because of its low-cost rocket launch (making rockets reusable) and mars mission.

Since it’s a private company, their mode of funding, availability of resources, and ultimately their goals are different than other space organisations. When it comes to building satellites, SpaceX scores zero because they haven’t built any yet, and that is not even their objective.

Their primary aim is to reduce space transportation costs and enable the colonization of Mars. They have built the Falcon launch vehicle family and Dragon rocket-family, which both currently deliver payloads into Earth orbit. They are also trying very hard to send the first human to Mars by 2024.

Achievements till date:

• First privately funded liquid propellant rocket (Falcon 1) reached orbit in 2008
• First private company to send spacecraft to the ISS (Dragon in 2012)
• First propulsive landing for an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2015)
• First successful reuse of an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2017)

In 2017, SpaceX has been contracted by 2 private individuals to send them in Dragon on free return trajectory around the Moon. This might become the first lunar tourism by the end of 2018.

6. China National Space Administration

China National Space Administration (CNSA for short) is responsible for development and planning of space activities. It was established in 1983, headquartered in Beijing. The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is their primary spaceport. The overall yearly budget of experimentation is $1.3 billion. As of 2012, total 8 Chinese have traveled in space for various projects. FY 2011 and FY 2013 are the major project on which agency is working on.

Major department: 

• General Planning
• System Engineering
• Science, Technology and Quality Control
• Foreign Affairs

Major Projects:

• Double Star Mission
• Kuafu mission satellites
• Beidou navigation system
• Space Based ASAT System
• Deep Impact-style mission

5. Indian Space Research Organisation

Photo credit: IndianExpress

ISRO (for short) is the Indian government space agency, stands for the Indian Space Research Organisation. It was established in 1969 and their motto is “space technology in the service of human kind.” The agency has conducted various major operations on national as well as international level.

They launched first moon mission rocket named as Chandrayaan-1 for moon data exploration.  Their overall year budget is $860 Million. Moreover, on 24th September 2014, ISRO succeeds in sending spacecraft into Martian orbit on 1st attempt. The total expenditure for this mission was $75 million, making it the most cost-efficient Mars mission ever.

On February 15, 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocked named PSLV-C37 and made a world record. Of these 104 satellites, one is 714 kilogram main satellite for earth observation and 103 smaller “nano satellites” which weigh 664 kilogram combined. The government is pleased with ISRO’s progress and announced 23% raise in its annual budget.

On 5th June, they launched 640 ton GSLV Mk III rocket, carrying GSAT-19 communication satellite. The 141 foot rocket is allegedly as heavy as 200 full-grown Asian elephants. This mission takes India closer to the next generation launch vehicle and satellite capability.

Work Area:

• Crew vehicle development
• Technology demonstration
• Astronaut training and other facilities

Major Accomplishments: 

• Chandrayaan-1: First mission to moon
• Mangalayaan: Mars Orbiter Mission
• Recently, they launched PSLV-C36 which deposited a record 104 satellites into space.

Read More: 9 Of The Biggest ISRO’s Future Missions

4. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Photo credit: Wikipedia

As the name suggests Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is Japan’s national aerospace working agency which was established in 2003 and headquartered in Chofu (Tokyo). It is responsible for technology development, research works, launch of a satellite into the orbit, asteroid data, moon exploration and many other advanced missions. Agency’s main motto is one i.e. Reaching for the skies, exploring space. The overall yearly budget for experimental work is $2.6 billion.

Earth observation projects:

• Advanced Land Observation Satellite
• Carbon dioxide monitoring
• Rainfall observation
• GCOM series

Read: 10 Thrilling Space Projects Agencies working on

Notable missions: 

• Hayabusa: Small body exploration
• Lunar explorations
• Solar sail research

3. European Space Agency

Photo credit: wikimedia

European Space Agency (ESA) established in 1975, is an intergovernmental organisation under 20 European states. It has more than 2k employees and an annual budget of $5 Billion. Agency’s program includes exploration to another planet, moon, human spaceflight through international space station, science, earth observation, telecommunication, spaceport etc. The Ariane 5 operated thought Arianespace with ESA sharing the cost and further development.

Major Activities: 

• Observing the Earth
• Launch vehicle fleet
• Space Situational arrangement
• ESOC ground system engineering
• Telecommunication and integrated application

Notable accomplishments: 

• COROT: Space telescope
• Mars Express: Space probe to Mars
• Venus Express: Space probe to Venus
• XMM Newton: X-ray observatory satellite
• Artemis: Most advanced telecommunication satellite

Read: 10 Worst Space Shuttle Launch Failures

2. Russian Federal Space Agency

Image credit: wikimedia

Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos for short) is a Russian government space research agency and general aerospace research. It was established in 1992 and the overall yearly budget is $5.6 Billion. Some of their major projects are: return to the moon (2014), return to Venus (2016), GLONASS (group of 24 different satellites),  new weather satellite, Angara launcher, Mars 500 simulation, etc. The Current mission on which agency is working on are Fobos (Mars mission), Luna (Moon orbiter) and Venera (Venus lander).

Major space missions:

• The Surface of Venus
• Manned Mission to Mars
• Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• The First Space Passengers
• Sputnik: World’s first satellite
• Snowstorm: A Soviet Space Shuttle
• Multiple Cosmonauts aboard Voskhod
• Valeri Polyakov: Longest human spaceflight

Read: 25+ Most Amazing Things Found In Space

Other works includes:

• Military satellites
• Earth observation
• Glosnass navigation satellites
• Advanced Telecommunications and integrated applcation

1. NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies

NASA Mars Rover Curiosity

There is no mystery in the question “who is the master of space research?”. We all know i.e. NASA only. National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the united states government agency. It was established in 1958 by Dwight Eisenhower.

World’s most space research and exploration efforts have been held by NASA including Skylab, Space Shuttle and the most popular Apollo moon landing mission. The Agency primarily focuses on understanding the Earth by Earth observing system, Exploring bodies of the solar system, astrophysics such as the big bang, advanced robotics mission such as New Horizons.

It also shares various experimental information with Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite organisation. NASA is also famous because of dealing with emergency during crucial times and has the possibilities and the power to prevent hazardous outcomes.

Notable space flight projects:

• Skylab
• Project Apollo
• Project Gemini
• Project Mercury
• X-15 rocket plane
• Apollo-Soyuz Test project

Negative Population Growth

Data from the Population Reference Bureau showed in 2006 that there were 20 countries in the world with negative or zero natural population growth expected between 2006 and 2050. 

What Does Negative Natural Population Growth Mean?

This negative or zero natural population growth means that these countries have more deaths than births or an even number of deaths and births; this figure does not include the effects of immigration or emigration.

Even including immigration over emigration, only one of the 20 countries (Austria) was expected to grow between 2006 and 2050, though the rush of emigration from wars in the Middle East (especially Syria's civil war) and Africa in the mid-2010s could revise those expectations.

The Highest Decreases

The country with the highest decrease in the natural birthrate was Ukraine, with a natural decrease of 0.8 percent each year. Ukraine was expected to lose 28 percent of its population between 2006 and 2050 (from 46.8 million to 33.4 million in 2050).

Russia and Belarus followed close behind at a 0.6 percent natural decrease, and Russia was expected to lose 22 percent of its population by 2050, which would be a loss of more than 30 million people (from 142.3 million in 2006 to 110.3 million in 2050).

Japan was the only non-European country in the list, though China joined it after the list was released and had a lower-than-replacement birthrate in the mid-2010s.

 Japan has a 0 percent natural birth increase and was expected to lose 21 percent of its population between 2006 and 2050 (shrinking from 127.8 million to a mere 100.6 million in 2050). 

A List of Countries With Negative Natural Increase

Here's the list of the countries that were expected to have a negative natural increase or zero increase in population between 2006 and 2050.

Ukraine: 0.8% natural decrease annually; 28% total population decrease by 2050
Russia: -0.6%; -22%
Belarus: -0.6%; -12%
Bulgaria: -0.5%; -34%
Latvia: -0.5%; -23%
Lithuania: -0.4%; -15%
Hungary: -0.3%; -11%
Romania: -0.2%; -29%
Estonia: -0.2%; -23%
Moldova: -0.2%; -21%
Croatia: -0.2%; -14%
Germany: -0.2%; -9%
Czech Republic: -0.1%; -8%
Japan: 0%; -21%
Poland: 0%; -17%
Slovakia: 0%; -12%
Austria: 0%; 8% increase
Italy: 0%; -5%
Slovenia: 0%; -5%
Greece: 0%; -4%

In 2017, the Population Reference Bureau released a fact sheet showing that the top five countries expected to lose population between then and 2050 were:
China: -44.3%
Japan: -24.8%
Ukraine: -8.8%
Poland: -5.8%
Romania: -5.7%
Thailand: -3.5%
Italy: -3%
South Korea: -2.2%

Countries With The Highest Population Growth

Oman has the highest population growth in the world, at 8.45%.                                                               he population of the world has now surpassed 7 billion people, and it continues to increase at a quick rate. Growth rates tend to vary from considerably from country to country, with developing countries generally experiencing higher rates of growth despite lower accessibility to financial resources. Rapid population growth in impoverished nations presents unique obstacles as they strive for prosperity. Elevated rates of growth in such countries also places a heightened burden on their governments, as they try to stretch their finite resources and infrastructure. Reasoning behind these countries’ fast rates of population growth can be attributed to a number of factors, both external and internal.

A greater numbers of births than deaths results in what is known as “natural” growth. Such growth is affected by factors such as war and contraceptive measures, the distribution of the population among age groups, and life expectancy at birth. Immigration and emigration are also significant contributors to the population changes within a country as well.

Recent data shows that Oman has experienced a growth rate of 8.45% in recent years. This rate of growth positioned this Middle Eastern country within the top spot globally in terms of possessing the fastest population growth rate among any nation that year.

Currently, the world’s population totals an estimated 7 billion-plus people, with more than half of that population residing on the continent of Asia. Another quarter of the population inhabits the continent of Africa, where the African nations of South Sudan and Niger experienced a growth rate of 4.09 and 4.00, respectively. The population growth within the two continents has been a consequence of concurrent rise in the median age of the population, declines in infant and total mortality rates, and high fertility rates which, although declining, are still far above the replacement rate in many of these areas.

According to most likely scenarios forecast by projections from the UN and other international organizations compiling demographic statistics, the world’s population will increase by around an astounding 4 billion inhabitants between now and the welcoming of the year 2100. This growth is said to be a result of people living longer, and healthier lives amidst improved living conditions. Today, three of the five most populous countries in the world can be found within Asia, with India projected to surpass China as the most populous country in the not-too-distant future.

The country rounding out our top 20 is Mali, who reported a growth rate of 2.98%. The second fastest growing population globally, residing within the country of Lebanon, registered an estimated growth of 5.99%. Most people assumed that the United States would have been among the countries at the top of the list in regards to population growth, but in actuality it is not within the top 10 at all. Experts believe that this is due in part to the abundance of contraceptive options available within the country, changes in migratory trends in and out of the nation, and increased education opportunities for women, when traditionally has coincided with reduced birth rates.

Countries With the Fastest Growing Populations

Rank	Country	Population Growth Rate (%)
1	Oman	8.45
2	Lebanon	5.99
3	Kuwait	4.81
4	Qatar	4.72
5	South Sudan	4.09
6	Niger	4.00
7	Burundi	3.34
8	Chad	3.31
9	Iraq	3.31
10	Angola	3.30
11	Uganda	3.27
12	Gambia	3.24
13	Democratic Republic of the Congo	3.17
14	Tanzania	3.16
15	Senegal	3.10
16	Jordan	3.06
17	Malawi	3.06
18	Zambia	3.05
19	Afghanistan	3.02
20	Mali	2.98

What would happen if all Muslims vanished from earth?

War, on a scale not seen since WW2.

https://www.amazon.in/dp/B07DP2YY5B/ref=cm_sw_r_wa_apa_i_IKrCBbD1W1D4E 

Much of the Middle East and Northern Africa would be almost totally depopulated. India would likely move to take over Pakistan and Bangladesh; Israel would happily take over Palestine and possibly some neighboring territories.

Russia would move to take over much of the Middle East, although Turkey, as a NATO nation, would probably be safe. The US may or may not be able to block complete takeover of the Arabian peninsula and/or Iraq. China may take some actions to rein in Russia’s expansion.

North Africa is a hard one to call; Sudan would be taken over by its Southern population. Israel would likely take over the Suez canal, but I don’t believe they would try to take over Egypt as a whole. I would guess that Europe might choose to briefly open a new age of colonialism.

Indonesia, as an island nation, is an odd case. Its population is enormous, and even with all Muslims removed would still be over 30 million. I believe it would remain intact, after a period of disruption.

Acts of radical terrorism would drop. Racist ideologues would have to find a new target, with a small but significant political impact. Some people would take the disappearance as a sign that Muslims had been taken by Allah, and the Muslim faith, with the evidence of a genuine miracle, would likely start again.

The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one

Facial hair has long been a defining visual aspect of Islam, but in recent years other sectors of society have co-opted the look

Thu 28 Jan 2016 09.00 GMTLast modified on Thu 27 Jul 2017 15.55 BST

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 Beards have long been in fashion among Muslim men, as can be seen in this mid-19th-century ceramic portrait of the religious and political advisers of Nasser al-Din, the king of Persia from 1848 until 1896. Photograph: Alamy

When I studied Arabic in Damascus during the summer of 1999, my fellow students would often tell me I was going to hell. My crime? I was a bad Muslim for trimming my beard. While many of the guys at this all-male institution had big, bushy beards, mine was more like designer stubble.

 I’m a Muslim with a beard. What’s so scary about that?

Areeb Ullah

 

Read more

When I asked them why they didn’t shave, the majority would talk about imitating the prophet Muhammad. Many were also attempting to be as “manly” as possible. Mostly white western converts, they seemed to identify beards with Islam.

They’re not the only ones. Just a few days ago the Right Rev Richard Chartres, the Anglican bishop of London, praised bearded vicars for reaching out to Muslims. Last year in Tajikistan, meanwhile, police shaved off the beards of almost 13,000 men in a bid to stamp out what the authorities deemed “radicalisation”. The battle against “foreign” influences also led to the closure of more than 160 shops selling traditional Muslim clothing. The year before, the Chinese city of Karamay had banned men with big beards or Islamic clothing from its buses.

Such is the panic about “Muslim” beards in some quarters that last October Swedish police were called out to investigate an innocuous group of hipsters known as the Bearded Villains. Apparently a member of the public thought their black and white flag was the emblem of Islamic State.

The association between beards and Islam goes right back to Muhammad himself, who is said to have sported a beard, although the Qur’an says nothing about facial hair specifically. From the beginning, faith was intertwined with rigid notions of masculinity: Muhammad’s disciple Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet “cursed those men who assume the manners of women and those women who assume those of men”. For men, the beard was said to be a part of the “fitrah” – the natural order.

 What's so weird about beards?

Richard Carter

 

Read more

Even today, those who seek to uphold a political form of Islam find it easier to do so by strictly policing gender and sexuality. Boys should be boys, in their minds, and one way to make sure of that is to make them grow beards.

This attitude has created a great deal of pain among those who do not fit in, not least transgender Muslims. But it has not gone unopposed, even among the devout. South Asia’s antinomian mystics are probably the biggest challenge to this rigid world view. They often wear women’s clothing and jewellery, have big long beards and dance at the shrines of their Sufi masters. They state that they are the brides of God and this is their submission to God. Many identify as heterosexual. This certainly complicates any ideal of bearded Islamic masculinity.

Beyond the Muslim world, the link between hairiness and manliness has also been turned on its head. Even before urban hipsters fell for the lumberjack look, queer culture was embracing “bears” – large, rugged men with hirsute chests and bushy beards. In another blow to the stereotype, last Christmas beard-owners were widely encouraged to decorate them with oil and glitter. If you needed help, you could watch a helpful video from two men known as the Gay Beards.

I can’t help but think that those who seek rigid masculine and feminine portrayals of the Muslim man and woman must be extremely frustrated. However the beard started out, it has now grown into something very different.

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