What would happen if all Muslims vanished from earth?

War, on a scale not seen since WW2.

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Much of the Middle East and Northern Africa would be almost totally depopulated. India would likely move to take over Pakistan and Bangladesh; Israel would happily take over Palestine and possibly some neighboring territories.

Russia would move to take over much of the Middle East, although Turkey, as a NATO nation, would probably be safe. The US may or may not be able to block complete takeover of the Arabian peninsula and/or Iraq. China may take some actions to rein in Russia’s expansion.

North Africa is a hard one to call; Sudan would be taken over by its Southern population. Israel would likely take over the Suez canal, but I don’t believe they would try to take over Egypt as a whole. I would guess that Europe might choose to briefly open a new age of colonialism.

Indonesia, as an island nation, is an odd case. Its population is enormous, and even with all Muslims removed would still be over 30 million. I believe it would remain intact, after a period of disruption.

Acts of radical terrorism would drop. Racist ideologues would have to find a new target, with a small but significant political impact. Some people would take the disappearance as a sign that Muslims had been taken by Allah, and the Muslim faith, with the evidence of a genuine miracle, would likely start again.