How to Build a Simple Speaker Circuit

This is a very simple project in which you put together a simple speaker circuit that can work with any standard speaker jack such as on a computer or a CD player so that you can hear sounds from these devices. This project is very basic in design and in the end, it will not look pretty, but you'll learn the basics about speakers and know more about how they're connected to give sound output.

Parts Needed
-Basic Speaker (8-ohm, 16-ohm, doesn't matter)
-3.5mm Plug
-Jumper Wires

During this project, we're going to use a very simple 8-ohm speaker, which can be easily be gotten from most electronic parts distributors such as at digikey or allelectronics.com. However, any other impedance-rated speaker can be used. This is the speaker below:

Next we deal with the 3.5mm plug. The type that you see being used with this project is a mono plug; it only has two contacts. However, a stereo 3.5mm plug can also be used. For this experiment, it doesn't matter. The 3.5mm plug may come in many fashions. It may be a 3.5mm male to male plug, a 3.5mm male to female cable. We are not interested in the other side, only the male side. What we're going to do is take the 3.5mm plug and cut it at any part of the wire. This should expose two wires, a wire which represents the positive side of the male plug and a wire which represents the ground of the male plug.

Now the last part is to connect the speaker to the 3.5mm jack. You can do this by soldering the wires together. If you don't have a soldering iron, you can just use alligator clips to provide an electrical connection. This is the fully connected speaker below:

This is now the completed speaker which can be used with any standard speaker jack whether on a computer, CD player, etc. All you have to do is place the speaker into the speaker jack and you should hear sound output if the device is powered and playing sound back.

Although speakers do not need power in order to work, they do need amplification. This is why it must be plugged into a speaker jack, which is equipped internally to provide amplification to the speaker so that it can play out sound with enough volume for a user to hear.

So great, you now know how to build a simple speaker circuit.

Railways, SAIL intend to set up coach factory at Singur, says Mamata

Even as the legal battle for the erstwhile Nano site at Singur is still on, West Bengal Chief Minister, Mamata Banerjee, has said that Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) and Indian Railways is looking to set up a metro coach factory at the location.

“I had a discussion with the Railways Minister, Dinesh Trivedi, regarding the setting up of a metro rail coach factory at Singur. Railways has already showed keenness on this, at the same time, SAIL, too, has given a letter. Singur land is with us. But since a court case is on, there are some legal bindings. We will be happy if Railways, SAIL and the state government can form a joint venture. We are committed to returning 400 acres to the unwilling farmers,” Banerjee said, as part of her briefing on an industrial revolution set to engulf West Bengal.

SAIL chairman, C S Verma, however, refrained from commenting on a proposed project at Singur.

“SAIL and Railways have a longstanding business relationship. To strengthen it further, work has commenced in new areas, several of them in West Bengal, such as a wagon manufacturing unit at Kulti, wagon components manufacturing factory at Jellingham, Nandigram for manufacture of cast steel bogies and coupler, etc. SAIL has also requested Railways for allocation of rail coach factory project at Kanchrapara. Besides, SAIL is in talks with Railways for setting a metro coach manufacturing facility in any suitable site in West Bengal,” Verma said in a statement.

Even if the venture materializes at Singur, it will not happen in the near term, and Banerjee realizes it as well. Banerjee won the first round of the court battle against Tata Motors, as the Calcutta High Court upheld the validity of the Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act that revoked the agreement between Tata Motors and the West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation for the Singur land. But the judgement has been stayed till November 2, giving the company time to file an appeal.

Moreover, vendors and unwilling farmers at Singur are also likely to file an appeal for an extension of stay.

Top 10 Fastest Growing Economies in 2012

2012 is the Year of the Dragon and yes, it’s the year of sustainability. With the mammoth most prediction of the world ending this year, people are hoping to see some positives too. Broadly, a few of the nations worldwide are expected to go through a downfall whereas are few are looking forward to a prosperous economy. Here are top 10 fastest growing economies in 2012

10.Iraq:

With a GDP forecast in 2012 of $128.094 billion and an overall GDP growth of 10.568% Iraq is predicted to be in the list of the fastest booming economies,

 

9.Mozambique:

As he announced the national budget, Aiuba cuereneia, the minister of planning and development, said ‘ We expect a significant increase of 27.5% to come from the mining sector, while the manufacturing industry will grow by  3.6%’. Coal exports are predicted to rise by 22% to approximately $2.3 billion, as the budget forecasts. The GDP forecast in 2012 is $12.9 billion. And the overall GDP growth would be 7.5 per cent.

8.Angola:

Situated in the not-so-economically well off Africa, Angola is also anticipated to be an emergent economy in the year proceeding. The GDP is forecast of $1.32 billion and GDP growth of 10.49%. Angola is dependent upon oil for over 90% for its export income and so the increasing output volume is set to hype up the economy by 12.8% this year.

7.Ethiopia:

Although it has been amongst the poorest countries in Africa, it is expected to grow economically in the following year. Having a GDP forecast of $32.3 billion and the GDP growth of 8.02% it is there in the list.

6.Qatar:

It has experienced a rapid economic growth over the last few years due to higher oil prices. Oil and gas have made Qatar one of the highest per capita income countries. Its natural gas reserves are around 26 trillion cubic meters which makes up about 14% of the total worlds natural gas and the third largest in the world.

5.Timor Leste:

Timor Leste has a GDP forecast  in 2012 of  $0.807 billion and the GDP growth to be 8.63 %. This makes it to be the fastest growing economies in 2012 as well.

4.Haiti:

$9.21 billion being the GDP forecast in the year 2012 and a GDP growth of 8.8%, Haiti is anticipated to be one of the fastest growing economies of the world for the upcoming year.

3.India:

‘India has an advantage of size. The scope of growth and excess capacity present in terms of resources would drive growth in the future’ said Madan Sabnavis, chief economist at care. The GDP of India is forecasted to increase a 7.82% from 2011, at $1.858 trillion. India too is looking ahead to an upbeat year in 2012.

2. Sri Lanka:

According to Gareth Leather, Asia economist at capital economist, it is expected that Sri Lankan economy would grow to an 8% in 2012, making it the fastest growing economy in emerging Asia after China.

1.China:

Regarding the growth forecasts, china’s GDP is predicted to reach to $7.209 trillion and a growth rate of 9.52%. China’s economy will carry on to grow robustly and would remain thefastest growing economy.

Top 10 Most Stressful Jobs of 2012

Most of the people think that their jobs are the most stressful jobs of the world! Well some people do love their jobs and are happy about it, but when it comes to the stressful jobs it means what sort of conditions we happen to see at work and what sort of an effect it has on us. Sometimes it is the work load that affects our lives. Population, environmental factors, economy and many other things actually determine the level of stress of the jobs. So, we have this list here about the top 10 most stressful jobs of 2012 based on he current conditions.

10. Taxi Driver

Driving is stressful, especially when you have to move around the whole city encountering traffic jams, noise, blaming passengers, recklessness, safety of the passengers and many other conditions do make a taxi drivers’ job stressful. An average income of a taxi driver is around 22,500, and they have to work long hours to earn the minimum mentioned pay, hence it comes at the tenth spot.

9. Photojournalist

They are the reasons we are able to see the huge stories with the lens of a camera, these people are not considered valuable but basically they are the reason behind the whole evidence of a story, their one image captured can make and break stories. A photojournalist has a stressful job as he has to be aware of every ongoing thing whether certain or uncertain, because they have to be at every event like battlefields, fires, red carpets and every other event to capture the moment. Their average income is around $40,000 but their job is no doubt very stressful.

8. Corporate Executive

Ok! Don’t think they are the tension free suited booted people moving in the organizations, but yes they have the money but money cant buy them relaxation because the job they are in comes with a lot of stress, like the financial situation of the company, needs of investors, employees and many other things. They need to have the knowledge about everything going on in every department of the company and yes, their average income is $165,830 but their job is really stressful.

7. Public Relations Officer

Their average income is $91,810 but they have one of the most stressful jobs, it may not be stressful for people who have really good public relation skills and how to deal the things but the work load is quite enough for them like they have to make speeches, give presentations, maintaining relations with the companies and government agencies. The stress level is very high for them due to the tight deadlines and their one wrong word can totally damage their entire career and the company they are representing.

6. Event Coordinator

Population is increasing day by day, people are getting married, there are anniversaries, birthdays and many other events going on at the same time. An event coordinator is the one juggling with thousands of jobs at the same time, they have one event today, one the other day and the schedule is so tight that they have to take care of everything. Their promotion and status depends upon the customer satisfaction. An event coordinator gets $45,460 average income but the responsibility is just so much on their shoulders that their every event should be a success.

5. Police Officer

As I mentioned in the above point “the population” thing, more population leads to more crime scenes, people have security issues and only one department is responsible for all the crime control scenes yes! That is the police department, a police officer has an average income of $553,540 and he has the responsibility of the whole town in which they are appointed, they have the life risk involve plus they are in the perception of being brutal, that makes their job very stressful and hence it comes at the 5th spot.

4. Military General

Military General is not the one who has the uniform with most medals, but he is the ultimate decision maker of the whole army, his one decision can take lives of millions of soldiers, he has to take decisions at the country’s interest without considering what his heart says, he is the representation of a country’s courage. So his job is one of the most stressful jobs of the world. An average income of a Military General is around $196,300 but the nature of their job is very dangerous and complex.

3. Pilot

A pilot’s average income is $103,210 and these commercial pilots have the unexpected flying schedules plus they have the responsibility of the safety of thousands of passengers sitting in the plane. Keeping flights on time, reaction in the uncertain weather conditions and many other different reasons make their job stressful. They often don’t get time to rest even.

2. Firefighter

Often we hear the news of fire in buildings, bomb blasts and many such events and these firefighters are the ones who save lives of thousands of people, risking their life for them, making decisions of life and death which are no doubt the stressful jobs known. Their average income is $45,250 but their job is huge.

1. Soldier

Being a soldier is the most proud thing in the world, like the feeling of serving your country is the best feeling of all. But the stress level that they go through is enormous, they have to live very far from their family and loved ones, the limited budget that they are given is not enough to compensate their life risk, The battles at the border lines facing the enemy and taking decisions accordingly is no doubt a massive tension. Their average income is just $35,580 and they surely take the place of the most stressful job of the world.

Top 10 Richest Politicians in 2012

The political world maybe complex and cannot be understood by common people who follows and casts their votes for them to be appointed in the country that they are serving. There might be different types of government that directs people, but the goal still lies on serving and making the lives of their fellow citizens improve for the better. Here are the richest politicians in 2012. Although Muammar Gadaffi appeared to be the richest political leader in 2012 with his net worth of $200 billion, but majority of the people in some areas of the world opposes to that rank. It is all because they considered it as ill-gotten wealth that he robbed from his people where it did not come from his own industry. Hence, this list of political leaders is based on the description that can be found through election, appointment, conquest, and right of inheritance (royal lineage).

10. H. Vasanthakumar

He is a known businessman in India but he has been politically involved in 2006 when he became an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) wherein he defeated S.P. Sooryakumar, which is a member of the established political system in the country. Hence, he owns the popular Vasath & Co. that sells home appliances and electronics found in Tamil Nadu in India. His estimated net worth is $2 billion that moved other known leaders in royal heritage to the next 20 to 30 richest politicians.

9. Donald Trump

Although he has expressed a lot of times via television and other media sources that he wanted to run for a specific political position since the 2000 election but he never did. In fact, speculations came in circulation that he would also run for the presidential position in 2006, especially when he openly criticized President George Bush in 2007. Nonetheless, he has been an active supporter and promoter of various candidates and parties where he said last 2010 that he would run for presidency in 2012. He has a growing net worth of $2.7 billion that comes from inheritance, real estate, and others.

8. Najib Mikati

He is a billionaire politician in Lebanon and he is currently holding a Prime Minister position. He has a current net worth of $2.8 billion that comes from his political position, telecoms, and his business. It is his second prime ministership because he has also served on that said post in April 2005 up to July 2005.

7. Cayetana Fitz – James Stuart

She is a duchess of Spain, where her finances comes from the property that she owns. She has an estimated total net worth of $4.9 billion. She has been married thrice and her status came from theroyal lineage that runs in her blood since her grandmother was the late Queen Victoria Eugenia.

6. Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan

He is also known as Sheikh Khalifa who serves as an emir of Abu Dhabi and the President of the United Arab Emirates. He has replaced his father on this position after his demise. His net worth is $15 billion that comes from real estate, oil business, and inheritance.

5. King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

He became the King of Saudi Arabia after he succeeded his half-brother from this position on August 01, 2005. He is known for his economic plans when he managed to boost up the oil production amidst the global recession that happened in the previous years wherein it achieved 4% growth yearly. He has a total net worth of $18 billion and it increases gradually.

4. Michael Bloomberg

As of date, he is the richest politician in the United States because of his total net worth of $19.5 billion that made him the 12^th richest man in the US. He is currently serving as a mayor in New York City and he had been politically involved since 2001. He is the owner and founder of Bloomberg L.P.

3. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

The third spot was intended for the 29^th Sultan of Brunei. He has been leading the state for 44 years. His wealth comes from the Gas Industry and Oil business, which helped him achieve his current net worth of $20 billion.

2. King Bhumibol Adulyadej

The silent yet strong King of Thailand has the second spot because of his total net worth of $10 billion that comes from various investments placed, inheritances, and real estate. In fact, he is known to be the richest king in the world and has been on the throne for 67 years, making him the longest reigning monarch in history. He is also known as Rama IX and he began reigning as king on June 9, 1946.

1. Vladimir Putin

He belongs to one of the strongest countries in the world, Russia, where he serves as its Prime Minister and he has served various political positions as mandated by their constitution. His total net worth is $40 billion that comes from his various investments and his political career.